Translation Theory Revision Essay Example for Free

Translation Theory Revision Essay Translation – The process of translation between two different languages involves the translator changing an original text (the source text – ST) in the original verbal languages (the source languages – SL) in a different verbal language (the target language – TL) S. Bassnet def: Translation is rendering of a SL text into the TL so as to ensure that: 1) the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar, and 2) the structures of the SL will e preserved as closely as possible but not so closely that the TL structures will be seriously distorted. Susan Basset: Telling the same things in a different language in a way that sounds natural, getting the point across. Translation types: Semiotic classification: Intralingual – an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language Interlingual – an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language Intersemiotic – an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. Binary classifications: Free translation translator replaces a social, or cultural, reality in the source text with a corresponding reality in the target text Literal rendering of text from one language to another word-for-word. Overt – is a TT that does not mean to be an original. The individual text function cannot be tha same for TT and ST since the cultures are different. Covert – ST is not linked to the ST culture or audience; both ST and TT address their respective receivers directly. Domestication vs foreigization: translation methods that move the writer toward [the reader], i.e. , fluency, and those that move the reader toward [the author] (domestication) , i. e. , an extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text (foreignization). Documentary (preserve the original exoticizing setting) vs instrumental (adaptation of the setting to the target culture) Text Type Theory: Katharina Reiss. Determine, what kind of text you are dealing with: †¢ Informative – plain facts (newspaper article) †¢ Expressive – creative composition (poetry) †¢ Operative – including behavioural responses (ads) †¢ Multi/audio-medial (films or visual/oral ads). Equivalence: Dynamic equivalence (also known as functional equivalence) attempts to convey the thought expressed in a source text (if necessary, at the expense of literalness, original word order, the source texts grammatical voice, etc. ), while formal equivalence attempts to render the text word-for-word (if necessary, at the expense of natural expression in the target language). J. C. Catford †¢ A formal correspondent – any TL category which van be said to occupy the ‘same’ place in SL †¢ A textual equivalent – any TL text or part of text that van be said to be the equivalent of the ST Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) †¢ A firmly empirical (kogemuslik) discipline †¢ Describes and maps translations †¢ Proposes hypotheses as why the translations are like they are †¢ Avoids being prescriptive The aim of DTS is to acquire insight into the nature and function of translation as a cultural and historical phenomenon DTS leading figures: Gideon Toury, Andre Lefevere Early translation theory Cicero – senise-for-sense. Synthesized in Latin Greek philosophers. The founder of Western translation theory. The 1st to comment on the process of translation. Translation serves as the study and imitation of rhetorical models. Free translation that is focused on the meaning. Horace model – target orientation. Aesthetically pleasing and creative translation. Art of Poetry. Quintilian – remarks on translations are v much in the Ciceroian tradition. Makes a difference between: metaphrasis – replacing a single word with a single word; paraphrasis – replacing a phrase with a phrase. Jerome model – translation Bible – latin „Vulgateâ€Å" (405. y). Translated sense-for-sense, rather that word-for-word. German Romanticism: individual author’s vision. Author is a creator. Shlegel: all writings in act of translation: Schleiermacher: translator could take the reader along and make him walk with the author or in the other way around.. Word-for-word translation onorthodox view of translation. †¢ Herder, Goethe, Humbolt, the Shlegel brothers, Shleiermacher †¢ translations of Homeric epics, the Greek tragedies and Shakespeare †¢ Emergence of the German tradition as opposed to the French †¢ strive for an independent literary culture Goethe: 3 stages of translation: 1) aquainted us the foreign language in his own terms (Luther Kings’s Bible) 2) French tradition – use of its own criteria, own rules. 3) The same idendity between source and target language. Eugene Nida. Formal equivalence – attention to the transfer of message, both form and content Dynamic / functional equivalence – seeks the closest natural equivalence for the source language message Principles: 1. making sense 2. conveying the spirit and manner of the original 3. having a natural and easy form of expression 4. producing a similar response †¢ 1. give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. †¢ 2. reproduce the style and manner of writing of the original. †¢ 3. have all the ease of the original composition. Nida’s equivalent effect criticized: †¢ too concerned with the word level †¢ difficult or impossible to achieve †¢ overly theological Nida differentiates between: †¢ Linguistic meaning. the meaningful relationship between words, phrases and sentences. †¢ Referential meaning. â€Å"the words as symbols which refer to objects, events, abstracts, relations† Methods: hierarchical structuring, componential analysis, semantic structure analysis †¢ Emotive meaning Toury? s norm theory: Defines social norms. Preliminary norm: concerned with translation policy. The initial norm: expressed through operational norms which direct actual decisions made during the translating process. Corpus studies †¢ Corpus – compurerized collection of documents †¢ A token – each word as it occurs †¢ A type – each different word The type-token ratio is a text? s lexical density(tihedus) Postcolonialism: †¢ Resist domination †¢ Emphasis on the impact and significance of translation in a context of political, military, economic and cultural power differentials (vahe) †¢ Is characterizied by hybridity (ristandumine) and self-reflection. English theory Early English translation of the Bible: John Wycliffe – published Bible’s English version (late 14th c). Tried to translate the meaning, but preserve its form. William Tyndale – 1525 Bible’s German version (Greek) The King James Bible 1611 Bible’s English version Early translations of the Bible in English †¢ Wycliffe Bible 1380-1384 revised by John Purvey in 1408 . Published Bible English version. Trying to translate the meaning but preserve its form (w-for-w) †¢ William Tyndale 1525 (w-for-w) †¢ Bishops Bible 1568. †¢ The King James Bible the Authorized Version 1604 -1611 John Dryden on translation: 1) metaphrase – word-for-word; 2) paraphrase – sense-for-sense 3)imitation – absolute freedom. Tytler 18th c: 1) translation should give source language complete context. 2) style and manner should be similar. 3) reader should see it as fluid as original text. Essays on the translations, self-standing thoughts on translations, artistic activity = transl. Edward Fitzgerald: Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam: Persian poetry, imperial attitude.  quatrain rhyme scheme: AABA Early theory and practice of translation in England: draws on two traditions: †¢ Classical Latin translation, from the Greek †¢ Early Christian Latin translation from the Scriptures, the Hebrew, Aramaic King Alfred (871-99) and his policy of translation. †¢ Augustine’s Soliloquies and Gregory’s Pastoral Care †¢ Gregory’s Dialogues †¢ Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People Benedictine reform a revival of monasticism, ?lfric’s homilies a need to educate the uneducated.

Hard Tmes Essay -- Papers

Hard Tmes Snakes....specialists of deception. They enter our lives unnoticed and set out to accomplish evil plans. Snakes are twisters. Like a rattle snake, it attracts your attention with its tail then at the last moment strikes a venomous blow only to see you fall from the point you have risen. Snakes challenge your choice with sneaky tricks and can even lure you to disobey God. If that isn't enough I have to also cope with the stress of school, the racism in the community and the obsession that a young man gets for the opposite sex. My problems may seem little, but even the smallest thing can be a factor of what has caused a scared and frightened teenager to hate the world. I've always seen myself as me. Steve Marshall. An averaged height, not really popular, sixteen year old Afro-Caribbean who's often discriminated against by narrow minded child like people because of his race, a boy who likes to take good pride in himself because there is no-one else to do it for him. I mean my father has never been there for me, nothing but broken promises and lies which hurts me so much, but not even the pain that I bare could ever deny me loving him. The only thing that may seem unusual about me is the fact that I am often sick and I have to take three pills a day to keep me healthy. Ms Ramstad a.k.a Peaches or mum, well step-mum; after all she is married to my dad. She tries her hardest to look after me but I think she believes that she doesn't have the same authority over me like my real mother would. My dad abandoned us when I was young and ever since Peaches has struggled and tried her best to cope on minimum wages with the responsib... ...car me with those huge needles. No way, that would have never happened, but I do give it to Steve the disease he was successful in his mission. He was the toughest snake my life has ever handled, and the biggest factor to my demise. Yes that's right my demise. He has knocked me off my Pedestal and climbed right up. That can only mean that he has successfully taken my place. He should be me. Well everything I ever wanted to be. Now I have realized that the world is full of lying cheating and backstabbing people, so who can blame a broken teenager for hating the world. Even though he isn't here now Steve the disease belongs in this world not me. So this is the last chapter in the diary of my life. The life of Steve Marshall before I commit the tragic event called suicide. I really can't go on through all these HARDTIMES.

New York Times vs. Sullivan

Issue: Does Freedom of Speech protect a newspaper when it makes false defamatory statements about the conduct of a public official if the statements were not made with knowing or reckless disregard for the actual facts? The holding does not match the issue. If the fourteenth amendment is going to be incorporated in the holding, then it has to be in the issue. Also, the issue needs to be posted in a constitutional way.   For example: By not requiring Sullivan to prove that the advertisement personally harmed him and dismissing the same as untruthful due to factual errors, did Alabama’s libel law unconstitutionally infringe on the First Amendments freedom of speech and freedom of press protections? Statement of the Facts: The New York Times published a full page ad soliciting funds to defend Martin Luther King, Jr. In the ad were accusations of brutal force employed by the Montgomery police force against King’s followers. L.B. Sullivan, the police commissioner at the time, claimed the ad maligned his character. He sued for, and won, damages from the lower court. The Holding/Decision of the Court: The Court held that the First and Fourteenth amendments protected a publisher from libel only if the false and derogatory statements were not made with knowing or reckless disregard for the truth. Reasons/Rationale: The Court made its decision based on three closely-related facts: †¢ First, the commercial nature of the advertisement; †¢ Second, the existence of actual malice; and, †¢ Finally, the tendency for the alleged libel to be connected to the plaintiff. The New York Times was paid to publish the ad. However the fact that it was a paid advertisement does not make it a ‘commercial ad' in that it waives constitutional guarantees of Freedom of Speech. To consider it as such would discourage newspapers from accepting â€Å"editorial advertisements† which would have a dangerous tendency to shut out this form of information promulgation. Furthermore, it would curtail freedom of speech and shackle those who do not own publications.   This would be in violation of the First Amendment, which aims to secure â€Å"the widest possible dissemination of information from diverse and antagonistic sources†. There was no actual malice in this case although negligence can be ascribed to the NY Times for not exercising due diligence in ensuring the facts published. The paper had merely published a paid advertisement. The publisher cannot be accused of knowingly publishing falsehoods. Being a public official, Commissioner Sullivan had to accept the reality that his work would be under constant scrutiny. A higher level of proof is necessary to prove that the defendant printed material with intent to malign Sullivan’s character, especially since the alleged criticism was about his official functions as the police commissioner. Finally, the alleged libelous ad did not bear any mention of his name. While the ad criticized the activities and â€Å"brutality of the police†, there was never any direct mention of Sullivan or the office of the police commissioner. It could not then be said that the ad was a directed, defamatory and malicious attack upon him. In fact, the acts described in the ad – the padlocking of the dining hall, among others – were not even directly ascribed to the police, much less the police commissioner. On a side note, there is even suggestion that the commissioner manifested a guilty conscience in respect of the acts protested in the ad. The court therefore ruled in favor of freedom of speech over the right of a public official to defend himself from attack. Such cases have often been cited as jurisprudence to justify the level of criticism that can be inflicted on a government official. For acts related to his official functions, there is virtually no limit to the attacks that can be levied so long as they are not done with reckless disregard for the facts. Justice Black concurs on the basis that the 1st and 14th amendments do not merely delimit a state's power to award damages to officials for criticism of their official conduct but completely prohibits a state from exercising this power.   He is of the opinion that the defendants had an absolute constitutional right to publish their criticisms regardless of whom they were aimed at. It is regrettable that the court stopped short of a holding unequivocally protecting our free press. Justice Goldberg concurs on the privilege to criticize official conduct, despite the harm which may flow from excesses and abuses and consistent with the prized American right â€Å"to speak one's mind†.

Mission statement for Marks and Spencer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2219 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? 1.0: Introduction In this report a critical analysis on Marks and Spencer Plc is presented to the reader emphasising upon key theoretical areas to identify whether the argument of Scott (2003)[1] that an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goals and not the key to understanding the organization no more than the origin of the organization, structure, culture, technology, and other strategic elements of the organization. In this report the four theoretical concepts of strategy listed below are analysed on the company or interest: Marks and Spencer Plc UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s retail giant. Organisational purposes, stakeholders and ethics Environmental sensitivity and scanning Effectiveness: Added value and success Processes, functions and their management The analysis presented in this report aims to identify whether the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mission statement (or goal) provides a better understanding of the organization on its own than the aforementioned. 2.0: Mission Statement or goals of Marks and Spencer Plc Marks and Spencer Plc is a century old retail sector organization that has seen tremendous growth in the retail business across the globe through innovative methods of business and marketing (Data monitor, 2004[2]). The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mission statement or the goal as stated in its corporate website is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To make aspirational quality accessible to allà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3] From the mission statement of the organization it is clear that the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goals are mostly implicit in nature (i.e.) the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goals are not explicitly mentioned. Gerry Johnson and Kevan Scholes (2003)[4] argue that the organizational goals play a vital role in reaching the customers and of strategic importance. This is not only because of the increase in the awareness among the customers and stakeholders but also due to the increase in the competition because of which the competitors try to communicate their company values to attract new customers as well as retain existing customers. Furthermore, Richard Lynch (2003)[5] argues that the goals of the organization when communicated through the mission statement of the company not only should be explicit but also provide a concrete statement that is not misleading. In the light of this argument, an insight into the mission statement of marks and Spencer Plc not only proves it is misleading but also justifies that it is rather elusive in nature sending mixed signals to the external environment. Since the mission statement derives the goals of an organization and the increasing tendency of the organization to communicate the mission statement has justified that the mission statement of the organizat ion should be explicit in communicating its values and goals. Asda Plc: UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s second largest food retailer (company profile, 2005[6]) on the other hand communicates its mission statement as follows à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To be Britains best value retailer exceeding customer needsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Alwaysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [7] From the above statement it is clear that the company is explicitly communicating that its goal it to provide best value goods and services to the customers. In the next section a critical analysis on Marks and Spencer in the light of the theories identified is presented to the reader prior to concluding the report. 3.0: Organisational purposes, stakeholders and ethics An analysis of the annual report 2005, of Marks and Spencer Plc has established that the purpose of the organization is mainly to high quality and value added service to the customers through continuous innovation. The profits announced by Marks and Spencer has furt her justified that the company not only strives to increase its sales but also its revenue and satisfy its stakeholders and customers. Alongside, the statement by Stuart Rose, the CEO and director of the company to focus the business on increasing the profits and reducing costs has justified that the company is focused on retaining its goal on quality and value added products focused on high income group of the nation. The fact that the increase in competition especially from other retail chains like TESCO Plc, Asda Plc in the form of price competition has not only hindered the company sales but also reduced its market share as argued by Steve Burt (2002)[8]. Steve Burt (2002) further argues that Marks and Spencer Plc has not only seen fall in revenue due to the competition but also due to the issues faced within the organization that was overcome by the then Chairman of the organization Luc Vandevelde (annual report, 2002[9]) who revived the organization form severe loss to stabili se the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market growth in the early years of twenty-first century. An insight into the company profile further reveals that the purpose of the organization is to specialise in the mi-priced merchandise in clothing, food and household goods categories. Alongside, it is also clear from the business review of the company that the business goal of the organization is to maximize its profits in order to meet the stakeholder demands as well as increase its market share which further justifies the ethical factors embraced by the organization to benefit its customers with quality products as well as its stakeholders whose investment is essential for the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s continuous growth. 4.0: Environmental Sensitivity and Scanning From the analysis of the company profile it is clear that the company is highly sensitive to both the external environment as well as the operating environment to the business. 4.1: External environment The compan yà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effective deployment of the centralised supply chain management system to accomplish a central warehouse integrating its stores as well as the suppliers to accomplish prompt delivery of goods is an outstanding example for the technological awareness of the company. The use of the environment friendly methods to dispose its waste and the use of recycled products like recycled paper, safety wear for warehouse personnel further justifies the ecological awareness of the company and its initiative to be eco-friendly. Alongside, the effective deployment of the delivery system by reducing the number of truck deliveries to the stores and warehouses in order to reduce the emission into the environment is an incomparable example for the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effectiveness in environmental sensitivity. 4.2: The operating environment Unlike the external environment, the Operating environment predominantly focuses upon the business operation and its capability to effectively compete in the target market. The company deployment of innovative fashion strategies (company profile, 2005) and the ability to provide extensive product range in every category of the products not only justifies the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to meet the operating demands of the business but also justifies its sensitivity to the environment. Furthermore, the intriguing fact that the company has not only deployed effective advertising strategies but also in targeting the right market segments as argued by Alexandra Jardine and Laurel Wentz (2005)[10] further justifies the ability of the company to respond to the operating environment demands to effectively compete in the business. 5.0: Effectiveness: Added Value and Success An insight into the primary activities of the value chain of Marks and Spencer Plc is presented to the reader below. Inbound Logistics: The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effective inventory management which is not only computerise d to the local store but also connected to the warehouse in order to effectively identify the threshold level of every item in stock proves that the company is focused in prompt delivery of the products to the shop floor. Operations: The operations of the company especially in case of the online retail version of the company where the company pioneers in an integrated system to manage the distribution of the goods and services ordered by the customers promptly. Alongside, it is also interesting to note that the deployment of the Microsoft .NET architecture to integrate the online order management system like Amazon.co.UK the leading online book retailer (Microsoft news, 2003[11]) further justifies the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effectiveness in adding value. Outbound Logistics: Not only the company excels in the prompt delivery of the ordered goods and services (Isla Gower, 2004[12]) but also deploys effective logistics methodology to increase the efficiency of the overall sup ply chain management. This is accomplished by the reduction of the storage space and increasing the shop floor area to customers at stores as well as integrating the suppliers in the supply chain thus reducing the storage level at the warehouse. The above statement makes it clear that the company has accomplished effectiveness through value addition to the overall business as well as the customers in the outbound logistics category. Sales and Marketing: The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investment on sales which has increased since the year 2000 (Isla Gower, 2004) as well as the deployment of effective and innovative marketing strategies like the Customer Relationship Marketing and advertising strategies. The seasonal promotion activity in the clothing segment of the business is a classical example for the effectiveness in the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s marketing and advertising strategy. Servicing: the dedicated customer service team that meets the demands of the customer servic e for the organization as sated in the company profile justifies that the company not only considers the cost reduction and sales escalation as a primary activity but also to provide effective customer service in order to retain the existing customer and attract new customers makes it clear that Marks and Spencer has indeed accomplished value addition and effectiveness in its primary activities. 6.0: Process, Functions and their Management The analysis of the company profile (2005)[13] has revealed that the take over by Stuart Rose as the CEO and director of the company has not only streamlined most of the business process but also increased the overall efficiency of the inbound logistics. The strive by the company to reduce its costs through the effective management of the resources as well as focusing on the sales through value added services justifies this statement. Alongside, the approach of the company as a pioneer in selling quality products and services not only justif ies the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effectiveness in the process management but also justifies its overall goal of increasing sales and providing value added services to the customers in the target market. The take over by Stuart Rose in 2004 has not only seen streamlining of the business process but also in its overall function as a competitor in the UK as well as the global market. This is evident from the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s initiative in increasing its global market share whilst utilising the outsourcing the strategy to reduce costs as well as provide value-added service to the customers. The fact that the company has effectively accomplished the process of serving its customers (buyers in the retail market) as well as its clients (strategic clients who are involved in business development and operations) justifies the efficiency of the company to accomplish its goals. The effective management of the Far Eastern operations of the company through the deployment of the local knowledge and human resource whilst accomplishing the overall goal of providing unmatched quality products to the customers in the target market is a notable example for the aforementioned argument. 7.0: Conclusion The analysis of the mission statement of Marks and Spencer Plc in section 2 and the strategic analysis of the company in section 3,4,5 and 6 have revealed that to understand the company it is necessary to understand the company in the light of the strategies deployed rather than the analysis of the goals. It is also clear that the strategic analysis of the company will not only provide a clear understanding of the company but also help the stakeholders and the customers to appreciate the goals of the company rather than the mere mission statement, which in most cases can send mixed signals to the customers and stakeholders. Thus to conclude this report the argument of Scott (2003) that the mere knowledge of the goals of an organization will not provide a bett er under standing of the company than the origins, stake holders technology, process, outputs and environmental forces. References Books Gerry Johnson and Kevan Scholes, (2003), Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text and Cases, UK: Prentice Hall Richard Lynch (2003), Corporate Strategy, UK: Prentice Hall Scott, W.R. (2003), Organizations: Rational, Natural and Open Systems, 5th ed., New Jersey, Prentice Hall. Journals and Reports Alexandra Jardine and Laurel Wentz (2005), Twiggy beefs up sales at Marks Spencer. Advertising Age, 10/17/2005, Vol. 76 Issue 42 Annual Report and Accounts (2002), Marks and Spencer Plc, UK Company Profile, (2004), Marks and Spencer Group Plc, UK: Data Monitor Company Profile (2005), Asda Group Limited, UK: Data monitor Isla Gower (2004), UK Retailing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" market Review, UK: Key note Ltd Microsoft News, (2003), Marks Spencer trials Smartphones, UK Steve Burt (2002), The Failure of Retail Internationalisatio n in Marks and Spencer. European Retail Digest, Sep2002 URLs: Marks and Spencer Corporate website, URL: https://www2.marksandspencer.com/thecompany/mediacentre/yourquestions/generalfaq/q3.shtml Asda Company Analysis, (2002) URL: https://www.www2wk.com/evidence/evidence2.asp?id=1220qid=1 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mission statement for Marks and Spencer" essay for you Create order Footnotes [1] Scott, W.R. (2003), Organizations: Rational, Natural and Open Systems, 5th ed., New Jersey, Prentice Hall. [2] Company Profile, (2004), Marks and Spencer Group Plc, UK: Data Monitor [3] Marks and Spencer Corporate website, URL: https://www2.marksandspencer.com/thecompany/mediacentre/yourquestions/generalfaq/q3.shtml [4] Gerry Johnson and Kevan Scholes, (2003), Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text and Cases, UK: Prentice Hall [5] Richard Lynch (2003), Corporate Strategy, UK: Prentice Hall [6] Company Profile (2005), Asda Group Limited, UK: Data monitor [7] Asda Company Analysis, (2002) URL: https://www.www2wk.com/evidence/evidence2.asp?id=1220qid=1 [8] Steve Burt (2002), The Failure of Retail Internationalisation in Marks and Spencer. European Retail Digest, Sep2002 [9] Annual Report and Accounts (2002), Marks and Spencer Plc, UK [10] Alexandra Jardine and Laurel Wentz (2005), Twiggy beefs up sales at Marks Spencer. Advertising Age, 10/17/2005, Vol. 76 Issue 42 [11] Microsoft News, (2003), Marks Spencer trials Smartphones, UK [12] Isla Gower (2004), UK Retailing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" market Review, UK: Key note Ltd [13]